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John Cage is perhaps the most influential and controversial American composer of the 20thcentury avant-garde, with a body of work spanning 5 decades. His 1974 Etudes Australes were based on notes derived from star charts of the Australian sky. The 32 etudes have no specified tempo or time and it is left up to the performer to decide the duration of each note. Each etude also requires that certain keys are held down throughout the piece (generally accomplished by using a rubber wedge) creating halos of sound that alter the surrounding notes.